Incidence of Smear-positive Tuberculosis in Dale District, Sidama, South Ethiopia

Endrias Markos Woldesemayat

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11

| Peer-Reviewed

Incidence of Smear-positive Tuberculosis in Dale District, Sidama, South Ethiopia

Endrias Markos Woldesemayat

Published in American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (Volume 9, Issue 2)

Received: 28 January 2021 Accepted: 26 February 2021 Published: 1 April 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Background: Estimating TB incidence rate using follow-up study has not been done in southern Ethiopia. Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate incidence rate of smear-positive TB in Dale district, Sidama Region, South Ethiopia. Methods: In a cohort study conducted among 36,575 people in six rural communities: 14,801 children, 92 cases with history of TB treatment and 15 smear-positive TB cases were excluded from the cohort. For 648 smear-negative patients with symptoms of TB and 1443 neighbourhood controls, we did a 3 – 4 monthly follow-up surveys and detected TB cases. For the rest of population, at the end of the follow-up, identification of TB cases from the district TB register was done. Results: In this study, 21,667 adult people were followed for 18,031 person-years and detected 49 new TB cases. Incidence rate of smear-positive TB was (273; 95% CI: 206 – 361)/100,000 person-years. The risk of smear-positive TB was higher among illiterate people (Adjusted incidence rate ratio 2.4; 95% CI 1.2 – 5.0). Conclusion: TB continued to be a major public health problem in rural communities of South Ethiopia. A high incidence rate of smear-positive TB was observed in the study settings. To improve specificity of the diagnosis, future studies should consider using sputum culture or GeneXpert in screening and diagnosis of TB.

Published in	American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (Volume 9, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11
Page(s)	22-27
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Follow-up, Incidence Rate, Ethiopia, TB

References

[1]	WHO: Global tuberculosis report. In. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2014.
[2]	Sharma R, Jain V, Singh S: Strengthening TB surveillance system in India: Way forward for improving estimates of TB incidence. Lung India 2011, 28 (2): 120–123.
[3]	WHO: Global tuberculosis report. In. Geneva, Switzerlnd: WHO; 2015.
[4]	WHO: Global tuberculosis report. In. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2013.
[5]	Shargie EB, Mørkve O, Lindtjørn B: Tuberculosis case-finding through a village outreach programme in a rural setting in southern Ethiopia: community randomized trial. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2006, 84: 112-119.
[6]	Yassin MA, Datiko DG, Tulloch O, Markos P, Aschalew M, Shargie EB, at et: Innovative community-based approaches doubled tuberculosis case notification and improve treatment outcome in southern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2013, 8 (5): 63174.
[7]	Tadesse T, Demissie M, Berhane Y, Kebede Y, Abebe M: Incidence of smear-positive tuberculosis in Dabat, northern Ethiopia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013, 17 (5): 630-635.
[8]	Chen W, Shu W, Wang M, Hou Y, Xia Y, Xu W, al et: Pulmonary tuberculosis incidence and risk factors in rural areas of China: A cohort study. PLoS One 2013, 8 (3): e58171.
[9]	Van LF, Vander WMJ, Borgdorff MW: Prevalence of tuberculosis infection and incidence of tuberculosis: a reassessment of the Styblo rule. Bull World Health Organization 2008, 86: 20–26.
[10]	Wondimu T, W/Michael K, Kassahun W, Getachew S: Delay in initiating tuberculosis treatment and factors associated among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in East Wollega, Western Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev 2007, 21 (2): 148-156.
[11]	Yimer S, Holm CH, Yimaledu T, Bjune G: Health care seeking among pulmonary tuberculosis suspects and patients in rural Ethiopia: a community-based study. BMC Public Health 2009, 9.
[12]	Demisse M, Lindtjorn B, Berhane Y: Patient and health service delay in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2002, 2.
[13]	Dangisso MH, Datiko DG, Lindtjørn B: Accessibility to tuberculosis control services and tuberculosis programme performance in southern Ethiopia. Glob Health Action 2015, 8.
[14]	Dye C, Watt CJ, Bleed DM, Hosseini SM, Raviglione MC: Evolution of tuberculosis control and prospects for reducing tuberculosis incidence, prevalence and deaths globally. JAMA 2005, 293 (22): 2767-2775.
[15]	FMOH: Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia. TB control programme annual performance report 2010/11. In. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia; 2011.
[16]	FMOH: Health extension programme implementation guidelines. In. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Federal Ministry of Health Ethiopia; 2007.
[17]	Negusse H, Auliffe EM, Maclachlan M: Initial community perspectives on the health service extension programme in Welkait, Ethiopia. Hum Resour Health 2007, 5.
[18]	FMOH: Health and health related indicators. In. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Health; 2011.
[19]	Kebede AH, Alebachew Z, Tsegaye F, Lemma E, Abebe A, Agonafir M, al et: The first population-based national tuberculosis prevalence survey in Ethiopia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004, 18 (6): 635–639.
[20]	WHO: Global tuberculosis report. Annex 2: Country Profile, Ethiopia. In. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2012.
[21]	Yassin MA, Datiko DG, Shargie EB: Ten-year experiences of the tuberculosis control programme in the southern region of Ethiopia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006, 10: 1166-1171.
[22]	Woldesemayat EM, Datiko DG, Lindtjørn B: Follow-up of chronic coughers improves tuberculosis case finding: Results from a community based cohort study in southern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2015, 10 (2): e0116324.
[23]	Ramsay ARC: Making the most of poor diagnostics: increasing access to tuberculosis treatment through optimized smear microscopy services. In: In: Steingart KR, Ramsay A, Pai M, eds Optimizing sputum smear microscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis Expert reviews in anti-infective therapy. Volume 5, edn.; 2007: 327-331.
[24]	EHNRI: Guidelines for quality assurance of smear microscopy for tuberculosis diagnosis. In. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute; 2009.
[25]	Pronyk PM, Kahn K, Tollman SM: Using health and demographic surveillance to understand the burden of disease in populations: the case of tuberculosis in rural South Africa. Scand J Public Health 2007, 35: 45-51.
[26]	Datiko DG, Lindtjørn B: Health extension workers improve tuberculosis case detection and treatment success in southern Ethiopia: A community randomized Trial. PLoS One 2009, 4 (5): e5443.
[27]	Connolly M, Nunn P: Women and tuberculosis. World health stat Q 1996, 49: 115-119.
[28]	Savicevic AJ, Mulic R, Ban B, Kozul K, Ivcek LJ, Valic J: Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in Croatia: A matched case-control study. BMC Public Health 2013, 13: 991.
[29]	Shetty N, Shemko M, Vaz M, D'Souza G: An epidemiological evaluation of risk factors for tuberculosis in South India: a matched case control study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006, 10 (1): 80-86.
[30]	AmericanThoracicSociety: Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990, 142 (3): 725-735.
[31]	Laushkina Z, Cherednichenko A: Estimation of the role of the test GeneXpert MTB-RIF in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. ERJ 2014, Suppl 58 (44): 2677.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Endrias Markos Woldesemayat. (2021). Incidence of Smear-positive Tuberculosis in Dale District, Sidama, South Ethiopia. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 9(2), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Endrias Markos Woldesemayat. Incidence of Smear-positive Tuberculosis in Dale District, Sidama, South Ethiopia. Am. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 2021, 9(2), 22-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Endrias Markos Woldesemayat. Incidence of Smear-positive Tuberculosis in Dale District, Sidama, South Ethiopia. Am J Clin Exp Med. 2021;9(2):22-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11,
  author = {Endrias Markos Woldesemayat},
  title = {Incidence of Smear-positive Tuberculosis in Dale District, Sidama, South Ethiopia},
  journal = {American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {22-27},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajcem.20210902.11},
  abstract = {Background: Estimating TB incidence rate using follow-up study has not been done in southern Ethiopia. Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate incidence rate of smear-positive TB in Dale district, Sidama Region, South Ethiopia. Methods: In a cohort study conducted among 36,575 people in six rural communities: 14,801 children, 92 cases with history of TB treatment and 15 smear-positive TB cases were excluded from the cohort. For 648 smear-negative patients with symptoms of TB and 1443 neighbourhood controls, we did a 3 – 4 monthly follow-up surveys and detected TB cases. For the rest of population, at the end of the follow-up, identification of TB cases from the district TB register was done. Results: In this study, 21,667 adult people were followed for 18,031 person-years and detected 49 new TB cases. Incidence rate of smear-positive TB was (273; 95% CI: 206 – 361)/100,000 person-years. The risk of smear-positive TB was higher among illiterate people (Adjusted incidence rate ratio 2.4; 95% CI 1.2 – 5.0). Conclusion: TB continued to be a major public health problem in rural communities of South Ethiopia. A high incidence rate of smear-positive TB was observed in the study settings. To improve specificity of the diagnosis, future studies should consider using sputum culture or GeneXpert in screening and diagnosis of TB.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Incidence of Smear-positive Tuberculosis in Dale District, Sidama, South Ethiopia
AU  - Endrias Markos Woldesemayat
Y1  - 2021/04/01
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11
T2  - American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
JF  - American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
JO  - American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
SP  - 22
EP  - 27
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8133
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11
AB  - Background: Estimating TB incidence rate using follow-up study has not been done in southern Ethiopia. Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate incidence rate of smear-positive TB in Dale district, Sidama Region, South Ethiopia. Methods: In a cohort study conducted among 36,575 people in six rural communities: 14,801 children, 92 cases with history of TB treatment and 15 smear-positive TB cases were excluded from the cohort. For 648 smear-negative patients with symptoms of TB and 1443 neighbourhood controls, we did a 3 – 4 monthly follow-up surveys and detected TB cases. For the rest of population, at the end of the follow-up, identification of TB cases from the district TB register was done. Results: In this study, 21,667 adult people were followed for 18,031 person-years and detected 49 new TB cases. Incidence rate of smear-positive TB was (273; 95% CI: 206 – 361)/100,000 person-years. The risk of smear-positive TB was higher among illiterate people (Adjusted incidence rate ratio 2.4; 95% CI 1.2 – 5.0). Conclusion: TB continued to be a major public health problem in rural communities of South Ethiopia. A high incidence rate of smear-positive TB was observed in the study settings. To improve specificity of the diagnosis, future studies should consider using sputum culture or GeneXpert in screening and diagnosis of TB.
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Endrias Markos Woldesemayat

School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia

Download PDF

Submit an Article

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Endrias Markos Woldesemayat. (2021). Incidence of Smear-positive Tuberculosis in Dale District, Sidama, South Ethiopia. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 9(2), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Endrias Markos Woldesemayat. Incidence of Smear-positive Tuberculosis in Dale District, Sidama, South Ethiopia. Am. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 2021, 9(2), 22-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Endrias Markos Woldesemayat. Incidence of Smear-positive Tuberculosis in Dale District, Sidama, South Ethiopia. Am J Clin Exp Med. 2021;9(2):22-27. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11,
  author = {Endrias Markos Woldesemayat},
  title = {Incidence of Smear-positive Tuberculosis in Dale District, Sidama, South Ethiopia},
  journal = {American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {22-27},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajcem.20210902.11},
  abstract = {Background: Estimating TB incidence rate using follow-up study has not been done in southern Ethiopia. Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate incidence rate of smear-positive TB in Dale district, Sidama Region, South Ethiopia. Methods: In a cohort study conducted among 36,575 people in six rural communities: 14,801 children, 92 cases with history of TB treatment and 15 smear-positive TB cases were excluded from the cohort. For 648 smear-negative patients with symptoms of TB and 1443 neighbourhood controls, we did a 3 – 4 monthly follow-up surveys and detected TB cases. For the rest of population, at the end of the follow-up, identification of TB cases from the district TB register was done. Results: In this study, 21,667 adult people were followed for 18,031 person-years and detected 49 new TB cases. Incidence rate of smear-positive TB was (273; 95% CI: 206 – 361)/100,000 person-years. The risk of smear-positive TB was higher among illiterate people (Adjusted incidence rate ratio 2.4; 95% CI 1.2 – 5.0). Conclusion: TB continued to be a major public health problem in rural communities of South Ethiopia. A high incidence rate of smear-positive TB was observed in the study settings. To improve specificity of the diagnosis, future studies should consider using sputum culture or GeneXpert in screening and diagnosis of TB.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Incidence of Smear-positive Tuberculosis in Dale District, Sidama, South Ethiopia
AU  - Endrias Markos Woldesemayat
Y1  - 2021/04/01
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11
T2  - American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
JF  - American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
JO  - American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
SP  - 22
EP  - 27
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8133
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20210902.11
AB  - Background: Estimating TB incidence rate using follow-up study has not been done in southern Ethiopia. Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate incidence rate of smear-positive TB in Dale district, Sidama Region, South Ethiopia. Methods: In a cohort study conducted among 36,575 people in six rural communities: 14,801 children, 92 cases with history of TB treatment and 15 smear-positive TB cases were excluded from the cohort. For 648 smear-negative patients with symptoms of TB and 1443 neighbourhood controls, we did a 3 – 4 monthly follow-up surveys and detected TB cases. For the rest of population, at the end of the follow-up, identification of TB cases from the district TB register was done. Results: In this study, 21,667 adult people were followed for 18,031 person-years and detected 49 new TB cases. Incidence rate of smear-positive TB was (273; 95% CI: 206 – 361)/100,000 person-years. The risk of smear-positive TB was higher among illiterate people (Adjusted incidence rate ratio 2.4; 95% CI 1.2 – 5.0). Conclusion: TB continued to be a major public health problem in rural communities of South Ethiopia. A high incidence rate of smear-positive TB was observed in the study settings. To improve specificity of the diagnosis, future studies should consider using sputum culture or GeneXpert in screening and diagnosis of TB.
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download